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This paper aims to investigate the relevance of each variable such as brand attitude, brand awareness, brand visibility (BV), brand integrity (BI), brand reputation and brand performance through direct and intervening testing, so that the research has theoretical implications for the development of modern marketing science while having managerial implications for Apple product companies through model development what has been done by Pantea Foroudi.

This research is the development of Pantea Foroudi’s research. The original side of this study adds BI variables and BV as an intervening variable. The research analysis method uses partial least square, which is the process with Smart-PLS Software. The sampling method uses purposive random sampling with data collection using e-survey. This study also involved 395 samples of apple product brands in Makassar, Indonesia. This research was conduct from March to October 2018.

The 14 line analysis that the authors submitted, both tests were carried out directly or intervening. A total of 11 predictions stated significant influence while BV and brand awareness did not affect the brand reputation. Brand awareness also does not affect brand performance by making brand reputation an intervening variable.

The original side of the research adds a variable that is considered very important, namely, BI and BV.

The purpose of this paper is to guide commercial and policy action to improve smallholder Indonesian cattle systems.

A survey (n = 304) of smallholder cattle farms in six villages in two districts of Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were employed to classify cattle farms into business models according to observed innovation. Differences between business models were identified using a one-way-analysis-of-variance (ANOVA).

Four business models were identified, representing profiles of innovation adoption and elements of business models, socio-economic characteristics, farming system and performance variables including revenue, cost and profit. The business models display a range of orientation to buyer requirements and a range of approaches to production, indicating a need to promote in a variety of ways the change from supply-push to demand-pull in the cattle value chain.

This study offers guidance on how business models might be strengthened over time, by using simple indicators of performance and the models' linkage to innovation in the context of each business model. The business models developed here, and refinements to them based on localised conditions, offer a targeted and accelerated pathway to improved performance in smallholder systems.

This study proposed a novel approach to the recognition of business models based on innovation.